Tuesday, March 31, 2015

महात्मा बुद्ध एवं पुनर्जन्म


महात्मा बुद्ध एवं पुनर्जन्म

महात्मा बुद्ध पुनर्जन्म को मानते थे। डॉ अम्बेडकर अपनी पुस्तक भगवान बुद्ध और उनका धम्म (पृष्ठ संख्या 296-301, संस्करण 2010) में महात्मा बुद्ध की पुनर्जन्म में आस्था को स्वीकार करते है। वह भौतिक शरीर का मृत्यु के पश्चात नाश होना एवं पुनर्जन्म में दोबारा संयोग होना भी स्वीकार करते है। आत्मा विषय के पुनर्जन्म को लेकर महात्मा बुद्ध अपनी स्थिति को स्पष्ट नहीं करते। इस प्रश्न के उत्तर में की मृत्यु के पश्चात क्या तथागत मरणान्तर रहते हैं महात्मा बुद्ध इस पर अव्याख्यायित अर्थात व्याख्या रहित रह जाते हैं। महात्मा बुद्ध के मौन धारण करने का रहस्य योगिराज श्री कृष्ण जी स्पष्ट करते हैं जब वह कहते हैं कि हे अर्जुन तुम्हारे और मेरे अनेक जन्म हो चुके हैंतुम उन्हें नहीं जानते, मैं जानता हूँ (गीता 4/5)। महात्मा बुद्ध ने अपने सत्यवादी गुण का अनुसरण करते हुए इस मौन धारण करना उचित समझा की पुनर्जन्म में हमारी क्या स्थिति होगी यह हमें नहीं ज्ञात मगर पुनर्जन्म अवश्य होता हैं।
धम्मपद में महात्मा बुद्ध पुनर्जन्म को मानते हुए लिखते हैं इस कायरूपी घर (शरीर) को बनाने वाले की खोज में (मैं) बिना रुके अनेक जन्मों तक (भव-) संसरण करता रहा, किन्तु बार बार दु:ख (मय) जीवन ही हाथ लगे। (सन्दर्भ -धम्मपद जरवग्गो 153)
   अगले ही सूत्र में महत्मा बुद्ध पुनर्जन्म से मुक्ति के कारण को स्पष्ट रूप से ईश्वर प्राप्ति बता रहे हैं - ऐ घर बनाने वाले! (अब) तू देख लिया गया है, (अब) फिर (तू) (नया) घर नहीं बना सकता। तेरी सारी कड़ियाँ टूट गई हैं और घर का शिखर भी विशृंखलित हो गया है। चित पूरी तरह संस्काररहित हो गया है और तृष्णाओं का क्षय (निर्वाण) हो गया है। (सन्दर्भ -धम्मपद जरवग्गो 154)
यही तथ्य महापरिनिर्वाण सूक्त में पाठ 10 में भी यही सन्देश मिलता है कि तथागत को जानने के पश्चात ही जन्म मरण से मुक्ति संभव हैं। जब तब यह ज्ञान नहीं होगा तब पुनर्जन्म से मुक्ति संभव नहीं हैं।
बुद्ध सुत्त में ख्यातिप्राप्त विद्वान रिस डेविड लिखते हैं कि महात्मा बुद्ध के अनुसार चार आर्य सत्य को जाने बिना मुक्ति संभव नहीं हैं। जब तक इन सत्यों का जाना नहीं जायेगा तब तक मुक्ति संभव नहीं हैं।
बुद्धबग्ग में चार आर्य सत्यों के विषय में लिखा हैं कि जो भली प्रकार से प्रज्ञा से देखता है- १. दुःख २. दुःख की उत्पत्ति ३. दुःख का विनाश ४. दुःख का उपशमन करने वाला आर्य अष्टांगिक मार्ग उसका यह शरण ग्रहण करके मनुष्य सब दुःख से मुक्त होता हैं।
स्वामी दयानंद जन्म-मरण रूपी बंधन से छूटना इस जीवन का उद्देश्य मानते है एवं जब तक मोक्ष प्राप्ति नहीं होती आत्मा को बार बार शरीर धारण करना पड़ता है और इसी को पुनर्जन्म कहते हैं। इन सभी प्रमाणों से यह सिद्ध होता हैं कि महात्मा बुद्ध द्वारा पुनर्जन्म को स्वीकार किया गया हैं।
   अब प्रश्न उठता है की पुनर्जन्म किसका होता हैं। मनुष्य जन्म का अर्थ पञ्च भूत भौतिक पदार्थों एवं आत्मा का संयोग हैं जबकि मृत्यु दोनों का वियोग हैं। प्रकृति के भौतिक पदार्थ जड़ हैं अर्थात स्वयं से संयुक्त नहीं हो सकते इसलिए किसी चेतन सत्ता द्वारा ही इस कार्य को संपन्न किया जा सकता हैं। सम्पूर्ण जगत में केवल दो चेतन सत्ता हैं एक ईश्वर एवं दूसरा आत्मा। आत्मा चेतन हैं मगर अल्पज्ञ, अल्पसामर्थ्य एवं अल्पशक्तिवान हैं जबकि ईश्वर सर्वज्ञ एवं सर्वशक्तिमान एवं न्यायकारी चेतन सत्ता हैं। अलपज्ञ आत्मा में यह सामर्थ्य नहीं हैं की वह अपने आपको एक शरीर से  दूसरे शरीर में प्रवेश कर सके, अपने किये हुए कर्म का यथोचित फल स्वयं को दे सके, अनंत जीवों के कार्यों की कर्मफल व्यवस्था को विधिवित चला सके, । अगर ऐसा होता तो कोई भी आत्मा पशु, दरिद्र आदि का शरीर धारण नहीं करना चाहता अपितु केवल और केवल श्रेष्ठ योनियों में जाना चाहता, न ही किसी अशुभ कर्म का फल भोगना चाहता।
                     ईश्वर के अतिरिक्त आत्माओं को दोबारा शरीर धारण कराने की क्षमता और किसी में नहीं है इसलिए पुनर्जन्म में विश्वास एक प्रकार से ईश्वर में विश्वास रखने के समान हैं। वेदादि शास्त्रों में ईश्वर को  अर्यमा(सब जीवों के पाप-पुण्य की यथावत व्यवस्था करने वाला), कर्माध्यक्ष (किस कर्म का फल कब, कहाँ, किसे।किन साधनों के द्वारा, किन परिस्तिथियों में यथावत भोगा जा रहा सकता है, इसे जानना वाला), यम (सभी प्राणियों के कर्मफल का नियमन करने वाला), असुनेता (प्राणों को एक शरीर से दूसरे से दूसरे शरीर में लेकर जाने वाला) कहा गया हैं। वेदादि शास्त्र पुनर्जन्म के सिद्धांत का अनेक स्थानों में वर्णन इस प्रकार से करते है-
 1. हे सुखदायक परमेश्वर! आप कृपा करे पुनर्जन्म में हमारे बीच में उत्तम नेत्र आदि सब इन्द्रिया स्थापित कीजिये। तथा प्राण अर्थात मन, बुद्धि, चित, अहंकार, बल, पराक्रम आदि युक्त शरीर पुनर्जन्म में कीजिये । (ऋग्वेद 8/1/23/1)
2. हे सर्वशक्तिमान! आपके अनुग्रह से हमारे लिए वारंवार पृथ्वी प्राण को, प्रकाश चक्षु को और अंतरिक्ष स्थानादि अवकाशों को देते रहें। पुनर्जन्म में सोम अर्थात औषधियों का रस हमको उत्तम शरीर देने में अनुकूल रहे तथा पुष्टि करनेवाला परमेश्वर कृपा करके सब जन्मों में हमको सब दुःख निवारण करनेवाली पथ्यरूप स्वस्ति को देवे । (ऋग्वेद 8/1/23/2)
3. हे सर्वज्ञ ईश्वर! जब जब हम जन्म लेवें, तब तब हमको शुद्ध मन. पूर्ण आयु, आरोग्यता, प्राण, कुशलतायुक्त जीवात्मा, उत्तम चक्षु और श्रोत्र प्राप्त हो। (यजुर्वेद 4/15)
4. हे जगदीश्वर! आप की कृपा से पुनर्जन्म में मन आदि ग्यारह इन्द्रिय मुझको प्राप्त हो अर्थात सर्वदा मनुष्य देह ही प्राप्त होता रहे । (अथर्ववेद 7/67/1)
5. जो मनुष्य पुनर्जन्म में धर्माचरण करता हैं, उस धर्माचरण के फल से अनेक उत्तम शरीरों को धारण करता और अधर्मात्मा मनुष्य नीच शरीर को प्राप्त होता हैं । (अथर्ववेद 5/1/1/2)
 6. जीवों को माता और पिता के शरीर में प्रवेश करके जन्मधारण करना, पुन: शरीर को छोड़ना, फिर जन्म को प्राप्त होना, वारंवार होता हैं । (यजुर्वेद 19/47)
7. तुम तुम शरीरधारी रूप में उत्पन्न होकर अनेक योनियों में अनेक प्रकार के मुखों वाले भी हो जाते हो । (अथर्ववेद 10/8/27)
8. यह जीवात्मा कभी किसी का पिता, कभी पुत्र, कभी बड़ा, कभी छोटा हो जाता हैं ।  (अथर्ववेद 10/8/28)
9. मैंने इन्द्रियों के रक्षक अमर इस आत्मा का साक्षात्कार किया जो जन्म-मरण के मार्गों से विचरण करता रहता हैं। वह अपने अच्छे-बुरे कर्मों के अनुसार और प्रीतीपूर्वक अनेक योनियों में संसार के अंदर भ्रमण करता रहता हैं । (ऋग्वेद 1/164/31)
10. हे जीवों! तुम जब शरीर को छोड़ो तब यह शरीर दाह के पीछे पृथ्वी, अग्नि आदि और जलों के बीच देह-धारण के कारण को प्राप्त हो और माताओं के उदरों में वास करके फिर शरीर को प्राप्त होता हैं । (यजुर्वेद 12/38)
11. जीव माता के गर्भ में बार बार प्रविष्ट होता हैं और अपने शुभ कर्मानुसार सत्यनिष्ठ विद्वानों के घर में जन्म लेता हैं।(अथर्ववेद 14/4/20)
इसी प्रकार से निरुक्त में यास्काचार्य ने पुनर्जन्म को माना हैं।
1. मैंने अनेक वार जन्ममरण को प्राप्त होकर नाना प्रकार के हज़ारों गर्भाशयों का सेवन किया। (निरुक्त 13/19/1)
2. अनेक प्रकार के भोजन किये, अनेक माताओं के स्तनों का दुग्ध पिया, अनेक माता-पिता और सुह्रदयों को देखा। (निरुक्त 13/19/2)
3. मैंने गर्भ में नीचे मुख ऊपर पग इत्यादि नाना प्रकार की पीड़ाओं से युक्त होके अनेक जन्म धारण किये।(निरुक्त 13/19/7)
 दर्शन ग्रन्थ भी पुनर्जन्म का समर्थन करते हैं
1. हर एक प्राणियों की यह इच्छा नित्य देखने में आती हैं कि मैं सदैव सुखी बना रहूँ। मरूं नहीं। यह इच्छा कोई भी नहीं करता कि मैं न होऊं। ऐसी इच्छा पुनर्जन्म के अभाव से कभी नहीं हो सकती। यह "अभिनिवेश" क्लेश कहलाता हैं, जोकि कृमि पर्यन्त को भी मरण का भय बराबर होता हैं। यह व्यवहार पुनर्जन्म की सिद्धि को जनाता हैं । (पतंजलि योगदर्शन 2/9)
2. जो उत्पन्न अर्थात शरीर को धारण करता हैं, वह मरण अर्थात शरीर को छोड़ के, पुनरुत्पन्न दूसरे शरीर को भी अवश्य प्राप्त होता हैं। इस प्रकार मर के पुनर्जन्म लेने को प्रेत्यभाव कहते हैं । (न्यायदर्शन 1/1/19)
गीता  में आता हैं की जिस प्रकार मनुष्य पुराने वस्त्रों को त्याग कर नए वस्त्रों को ग्रहण कर लेता हैं उसी प्रकार आत्मा पुराने व्यर्थ शरीरों को त्याग कर नवीन भौतिक शरीरों को धारण कर लेता हैं। (गीता 2/22)
 इस प्रकार से रामायण, महाभारत, उपनिषद, पुराण आदि ग्रन्थ भी पुनर्जन्म के सिद्धांत का पुरजोर समर्थन करते हैं।
पुनर्जन्म में विश्वास रखने वाले महात्मा बुद्ध इस आधार पर अनीश्वरवादी नहीं अपितु आस्तिक सिद्ध होते हैं।

सन्दर्भ ग्रन्थ-

1. बौद्धमत और वैदिक धर्म- स्वामी धर्मानन्द
2. Mahatma Buddha an Aryan reformer Dharamdev Vidyamartnand
3. गीता रहस्य- बाल गंगाधर तिलक
4. भूमिका भास्कर-स्वामी विद्यानंद सरस्वती
5. भगवान बुद्ध और उनका धम्म- डॉ अम्बेडकर
6. धम्मपद
7. वेद और उसकी वैज्ञानिकता- आचार्य प्रियव्रत वेदवाचस्पति
8. सत्यार्थ प्रकाश- स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती
9. निरुक्त भाष्य- चन्द्रगुप्त वेदालंकार
10. कुलयात आर्य मुसाफिर- पंडित लेखराम आर्य मुसाफिर
11. ऋग्वेदादिभाष्य भूमिका- स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती
12. बौद्ध संस्कृति- राहुल सांकृत्यायन
13. बुद्धचर्यया- राहुल सांकृत्यायन
14. यजुर्वेद भाष्य- स्वामी दयानंद
15 ऋग्वेद भाष्य- स्वामी दयानंद
डॉ विवेक आर्य

ईश्वर के अजन्मा होने के प्रमाण

ईश्वर के अजन्मा होने के प्रमाण

१. न जन्म लेने वाला (अजन्मा) परमेश्वर न टूटने वाले विचारों से पृथ्वी को धारण करता हैं। ऋग्वेद १/६७/३

२. एकपात अजन्मा परमेश्वर हमारे लिए कल्याणकारी होवे। ऋग्वेद ७/३५/१३

३. अपने स्वरुप से उत्पन्न न होने वाला अजन्मा परमेश्वर गर्भस्थ जीवात्मा और सब के ह्रदय में विचरता हैं। यजुर्वेद ३१/१९

४. परमात्मा सर्वशक्तिमान, स्थूल, सूक्षम तथा कारण शरीर से रहित, छिद्र रहित, नाड़ी आदि के साथ सम्बन्ध रूप बंधन से रहित, शुद्ध, अविद्यादि दोषों से रहित, पाप से रहित सब तरफ से व्याप्त हैं। जो कवि तथा सब जीवों की मनोवृतिओं को जानने वाला और दुष्ट पापियों का तिरस्कार करने वाला हैं। अनादी स्वरुप जिसके संयोग से उत्पत्ति वियोग से विनाश, माता-पिता गर्भवास जन्म वृद्धि और मरण नहीं होते वह परमात्मा अपने सनातन प्रजा (जीवों) के लिए यथार्थ भाव से वेद द्वारा सब पदार्थों को बनाता हैं।- यजुर्वेद ४०/८

ईश्वर सर्वव्यापक हैं

१. अंत रहित ब्रह्मा सर्वत्र फैला हुआ हैं। अथर्ववेद १०/८/१२

२. धूलोक और पृथ्वीलोक जिसकी (ईश्वर की) व्यापकता नहीं पाते। ऋग्वेद १/५२/१४

३. हे प्रकाशमय देव! आप और से सबको देख रहे हैं। सब आपके सामने हैं। कोई भी आपके पीछे हैं देव आप सर्वत्र व्यापक हैं। ऋग्वेद १/९७/६

४. वह ब्रह्मा मूर्खों की दृष्टी में चलायमान होता हैं। परन्तु अपने स्वरुप से (व्यापक होने के कारण) चलायमान नहीं होता हैं। वह व्यापकता के कारण देश काल की दूरी से रहित होते हुए भी अज्ञान की दूरिवश दूर हैं और अज्ञान रहितों के समीप हैं। वह इस सब जगत वा जीवों के अन्दर और वही इस सब से बाहर भी विद्यमान हैं। यजुर्वेद ४०/५

५. सर्व उत्पादक परमात्मा पीछे की ओर और वही परमेश्वर आगे, वही प्रभु ऊपर, और वही सर्वप्रेरक नीचे भी हैं। वह सर्वव्यापक, सबको उत्पन्न करने वाला हमें इष्ट पदार्थ देवे और वही हमको दीर्घ जीवन देवे।ऋग्वेद १०/२६/१४

६. जो रूद्र रूप परमात्मा अग्नि में हैं जो जलों ओषधियों तथा तालाबों के अन्दर अपनी व्यापकता से प्रविष्ट हैं।- अथर्ववेद ७/८७/१

ईश्वर अजर (जिन्हें बुढ़ापा नहीं आता) हैं

नोट:- रामपाल और कबीर दोनों के बाल सफेद हैं अर्थात साक्षात् परमेश्वर के तो नहीं पर साक्षात् बुढ़ापे के दर्शन अवश्य हो रहे हैं।

१. हे अजर परमात्मा, आपके रक्षणों के द्वारा मन की कामना प्राप्त करें। ऋग्वेद ६/५/७

२. जो जरा रहित (अजर) सर्व ऐश्वर्य संपन्न भगवान को धारण करता हैं वह शीघ्र ही अत्यन्त बुद्धि को प्राप्त करता हैं। ऋग्वेद ६/१ ९/२

३. धीर ,अजर, अमर परमात्मा को जनता हुआ पुरुष मृत्यु या विपदा से नहीं घबराता हैं।- अथर्ववेद १०/८/४४

४. हम उसी महान श्रेष्ठ ज्ञानी अत्यंत उत्तम विचार शाली अजर परमात्मा की विशेष रूप से प्रार्थना करें।- ऋग्वेद ६/४९/१०

ईश्वर निराकार हैं

१. परमात्मा सर्वशक्तिमान, स्थूल, सूक्षम तथा कारण शरीर से रहित, छिद्र रहित, नाड़ी आदि के साथ सम्बन्ध रूप बंधन से रहित, शुद्ध, अविद्यादि दोषों से रहित, पाप से रहित सब तरफ से व्याप्त हैं। जो कवि तथा सब जीवों की मनोवृतिओं को जानने वाला और दुष्ट पापियों का तिरस्कार करने वाला हैं। अनादी स्वरुप जिसके संयोग से उत्पत्ति वियोग से विनाश, माता-पिता गर्भवास जन्म वृद्धि और मरण नहीं होते वह परमात्मा अपने सनातन प्रजा (जीवों) के लिए यथार्थ भाव से वेद द्वारा सब पदार्थों को बनाता हैं।-यजुर्वेद ४०/८

२. परमेश्वर की प्रतिमा, परिमाण उसके तुल्य अवधिका साधन प्रतिकृति आकृति नहीं हैं अर्थात परमेश्वर निराकार हैं। यजुर्वेद ३२/३

३. अखिल अखिल ऐशवर्य संपन्न प्रभु पाँव आदि से रहित निराकार हैं। ऋग्वेद ८/६९/११

४. ईश्वर सबमें हैं और सबसे पृथक हैं। (ऐसा गुण तो केवल निराकार में ही हो सकता हैं) यजुर्वेद ३१/१

५. जो परमात्मा प्राणियों को सब और से प्राप्त होकर, पृथ्वी आदि लोकों को सब ओर से व्याप्त होकर तथा ऊपर निचे सारी पूर्व आदि दिशाओं को व्याप्त होकर, सत्य के स्वरुप को सन्मुखता से सम्यक प्रवेश करता हैं, उसको हम कल्प के आदि में उत्पन्न हुई वेद वाणी को जान कर अपने शुद्ध अन्तकरण से प्राप्त करें। (ऐसा गुण तो केवल निराकार में ही हो सकता हैं) यजुर्वेद ३२/११

इनके अलावा और भी अनेक मंत्र से वेदों में ईश्वर का अजन्मा, निराकार, सर्वव्यापक, अजर आदि सिद्ध होता हैं। जिस दिन मनुष्य जाति वेद में वर्णित ईश्वर को मानने लगेगी उस दिन संसार से धर्म के नाम पर हो रहे सभी प्रकार के अन्धविश्वास एवं पापकर्म समाप्त हो जायेगे।

सरस्वती कण्ठाभरणम् ,by King Bhoj

'An Excellent Literature work!

An Awesome Shloka by Bhoja(11th Century) in सरस्वती कण्ठाभरणम् 
All the 33 consonants of Sanskrit language, used in their logical order, to form this meaningful shloka. Bhoja's time nearly 1000 years ago.

Meaning:
Who is he, the lover of birds, pure in intelligence, expert in stealing the strength of others, leader among the destroyers of the enemies, the steadfast, the fearless, the one who filled the ocean? He is the king Maya, the repository of the blessings that can destroy the foes.'An Excellent Literature work!
An Awesome Shloka by Bhoja(11th Century) in सरस्वती कण्ठाभरणम्
All the 33 consonants of Sanskrit language, used in their logical order, to form this meaningful shloka. Bhoja's time nearly 1000 years ago.

Meaning:-
Who is he, the lover of birds, pure in intelligence, expert in stealing the strength of others, leader among the destroyers of the enemies, the steadfast, the fearless, the one who filled the ocean? He is the king Maya, the repository of the blessings that can destroy the foes.
 'If there is one place on the face of Earth where all the dreams of humans have found a home from the very earliest days  when human began the dream of existence,  it is India.

-Romain Rolland,  French writer, 1866-1944'

Sunday, March 29, 2015

Mayan City Yaxchilan (Yaksha-Sila), in Mexico – Indian Connection

Yaxchilan LintelMayan City Yaxchilan is an ancient city located on the bank of the Usumacinta River in Chipas, Mexico.
Epigraphers think that the ancient name for the city was probably the same as that of its’ realm, Pa’ Chan, meaning “Cleft (or broken) Sky“.
The lintels of Yaxchilan Temples are decorated with carvings that can be connected to carvings ofYakshas in India.
In Sanskrit PaShan (पाषण) also means stone and this could be distorted as Pa’Chan.
In Ancient India, Yakshas(यक्ष) are a class of benevolent spirits or super-natural guards who are the custodians of treasures that are hidden in the earth and in the roots of trees.
Kubera (lord of wealth) was leader of Yakshas, who left Lanka to his cousin brother Raavan and migrated to other place.
Maya, who built mystical and phenomenal structures for Yakshas and Asuras was also a Yaksha and we can related him as origin of Mayan civilization, that thrived in mexico and south america.
Yaksha Yakshini stone carving
Sila (शिला) means stone or stone-sculpture or stone plate in sanskrit.
Yaksha-Sila (यक्षशिला) are the Yaksha’s stone-lintels in Mexico and thus the name Yaxchilan (distorted version of Yaksha-Sila).
Yakshas are mentioned in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions.
In Indian art, male yakṣhas are portrayed either as fearsome warriors or as portly, stout and dwarf-like. Female yakṣhas, known as yakṣhiṇīs, are portrayed as beautiful young women with happy round faces and full breasts and hips.

Yaxchilan Lintel in Mexico & Yaksha with Yakshini stone carving in India

Yakshas in Buddhism

Yakshas (Thai: ยักษ์, Yak) are an important element in Thai temple art and architecture, as they are the guardians of all Buddhist temple gates.
Yakshas and their female counterparts are common in the Buddhist literature of Thailand. As ogres, giants and ogresses yakshas are popular as well in Thai folklore.
yaksha guarding wat phra kaew  temple in bangkok

Yakshas in Jainism

Jains mainly worship idols of Arihants and Tirthankaras, who have conquered the inner passions and attained God-consciousness status. Some Jains also believe that Yaksha and Yakshini look after the well-being of Tirthankaras. Usually, they are found in pair around the idols of Jinas as male (yaksha) and female (yakshini) guardian deities. Yaksha is generally on the right-hand side of the Jina idol and Yakshini on the left-hand side. In earlier periods, they were regarded mainly as devotees of Jina, and have supernatural powers. They are also wandering through the cycles of births and deaths just like the worldly souls, but have supernatural powers. Over time, people started worshiping these deities as well.
Some Yaksa were and are known for bestowing fertility and wealth upon their devotes. Therefore, they had become very popular and their idols had been placed in Jain temples and Jains worship them. Jains offer them different things in favor of boons for children, wealth or freedom from fears, illness or disease.
Since ancient times, Yaksha-Gaana (Song of the Yakshas), the musical presentation of the Yaksha folklore, which is equivalent to the popularity of the Opera in the West, famous in India.
Mahabharata mentions an episode where one Yaksha captures 4 brothers of Yudhishtira and asks Yaksha-Prasnas (Yaksha’s questions). Yudhishtira answers all of them to prove his worth as future king and gets is brothers released.
citation-booksfact.com

Dreams and sleep explained in Ancient Indian scriptures

sleep dreams mind explained in Prasnopanishad
sleep dreams mind explained in Prasnopanishad
Prasna Upanishad consists of six questions (prasnas) and their answers. It is also associated with the Atharva Veda
Six students (Sukesha, Satyakama, Sauryayanee, Bhargava, Kabandhi) interested in knowing divinity or Brahman come to sage Pippalada and request him to clarify their spiritual doubts.
The fourth question asked by Souryayanee Gargya is concerned with dream world of human beings.
Sauryayanee Gargya asks
“atha hEnam souryayanee gargya papraccha |
bhagavannEtasmin purushE kaani svapanti kaanyasmin jaagrati katar yEsha dEva |
swapnaan pashyati kasyaitata sukham bhavati kasminnu sarvE sampratishTitaa bhavanteeti |”
Translation : Sauryayani, belonging to the family of Garga, asked: “Sir, what are they that sleep in man and what are they that remain awake in him ? Which deity is it that sees dreams ? Whose is the happiness ? In whom, again, are all these gathered together ?

Sage Pippalada replied “O Gargya, As all the rays of the sun, when it sets, are gathered up in that disc of light, and as they, when the sun rises again and again, come forth, so is all this (all the senses) gathered up in the highest faculty (deva), the mind. Therefore at that time that man does not hear, see, smell, taste, touch, he does not speak, he does not take, does not enjoy, does not evacuate, does not move about. He sleeps, that is what People say.
The prana fires remain awake in this city (body) during sleep/dream. Apana is the Garhapatya Fire and vyana, the Anvaharyapachana Fire. And prana is the Ahavaniya Fire, so called from being taken—since it is taken from the Garhapatya Fire.
Samana is so called because it distributes equally the two oblations, namely, the out—breathing and the in—breathing; it is the priest. The mind, verily, is the sacrificer. Udana is the fruit of the sacrifice, because it leads the sacrificer every day, in deep sleep, to Brahman.
There, in dreams, that god, the mind, experiences glory. Whatever has been seen he sees again; whatever has been heard he hears again; whatever has been experienced in different countries and quarters, he experiences again. Whatever has been seen or not seen, heard or not heard and whatever is real or not real—he sees it all. He sees all, himself being all.
When the jiva is overcome by light he sees no dreams; at that time, in this body, arises this happiness.
As a bird goes to a tree to roost, even so, O friend, all this rests in the Supreme Atman : Earth and its subtle counterpart, water and its subtle counterpart, fire and its subtle counterpart, air and its subtle counterpart, akasa and its subtle counterpart, the eye and what can be seen, the ear and what can be heard, the nose and what can be smelt, the taste and what can be tasted, the skin and what can be touched, the organ of speech and what can be spoken, the hands and what can be grasped, the organ of generation and what can be enjoyed, the organ of excretion and what can be excreted, the feet and what is their destination, the mind (manas) and what can be thought, the intellect (buddhi) and what can be comprehended, the ego (ahamkara) and the object of egoism, the memory (chitta) and its object, knowledge (tejah) and its object, prana and what is to be supported.
He, verily, it is who sees, feels, hears, smells, tastes, thinks and knows. He is the doer, the intelligent self, the purusha. He is established in the Highest, the imperishable Atman.
He who knows that indestructible being, obtains (what is) the highest and indestructible, he without a shadow, without a body, without colour, bright,yes, O friend, he who knows it, becomes all-knowing, becomes all.
He, who knows that indestructible being wherein the true knower, the vital spirits (pranas), together with all the powers (deva), and the elements rest, he, being all-knowing, has penetrated all.”

Thus, it can be understood that humans and other living beings live like Brahma, the creator.
They absorb everything into themselves during sleep and when they wakeup, they re-create everything including themselves.
The supreme god exists in all of us, making us go through the process of creation and absorption everyday.
source-booksfact.com 

5000 Years old Temple of Fire (Havan Kund) discovered in Peru

El Paraiso peru temple of fire
Archaeologists have unearthed a temple, believed to be more than 5000 years old at the famous El Paraiso site, located near Lima, the capital city of Peru.
Havan Agnihotra HomaOn the western edge of the Paraiso Complex is a temple which is described as :
A small stone structure which features walls coated in yellow clay and traces of red paint, is thought to be around 5,000 years old and has already been dubbed the Temple of Fire. It was discovered within the western wing of the main El Paraiso pyramid. The hearth located in the newly discovered structure was used to burn ceremonial offerings.
Marco Guillen, who led the team of researchers interpreted his findings and said, “The smoke allowed the priests to connect with the gods.
This concept is very much similar to the Vedic rituals done in Havan Kund (Yajna, where people light up fire in a square shaped cube structure built with bricks and make offerings while chantings mantras, mostly to please a god/goddess and achieve a certain objective)
This is also called as Agnihotra or Homa.
The Paraiso Fire Temple is a larger version of a ‘Havan Kund‘, with seating space for the pundits (priests) chanting mantras.
Archeologists say the site is comparable in age to Caral, the oldest pre-Columbian site in the Americas that was inhabited between 2,600 – 2,100 BC. Caral is located some 200 kilometers (125 miles) to the north and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The entrance, measuring some 48 centimeters (19-inches) wide, leads to a chamber measuring eight by six meters (26 by 20 feet) where shellfish, grains, flowers and fruit were burned as offerings.
The temple has four levels, with each one older than the other.
fire temple peru havan kund
Vedic sacred fire ritual ‘havan‘ serves as a link between man’s consciousness and the cosmic consciousness.
Havan fire converts the physical components and all offerings made to the fire, into their ‘psychic’ components serving as homage to the deities presiding over the ‘havan‘.
The ‘offerings’ made into the fire is known as ‘homa‘ (होम) in Sanskrit.
Probably from the Sanskrit ‘homa‘ that the English word ‘homage‘ is derived – though English etymological dictionaries trace the source to the word ‘homme‘ meaning ‘man‘.
Agni (Fire) is the first word in Rig Veda (which is the oldest text available).
Almost all religions use light/fire to worship higher force or God. It can be in the form of agnihotra, lamps or candles.
Burning incense sticks is also practiced in many religions and for meditations purposes.
In Sanskrit, Peru (पेरु) means ‘Golden Mountain’ and ‘Paru‘ (परु) means ‘Paradise‘.
Paraiso could have its roots in sanskrit, just like the ancient language of the Americas, Quechua, which has similarities to sanskrit.
Just like the fire ritual in native american weddings and QoriKancha temple, which has ‘Kancha‘ (कञ्च) word, which clearly means Gold in sanskrit and in Quechua language, QoriKancha (Korikancha) means ‘Courtyard of Gold‘.
Citation-Booksfact.com

Electricity generation in Vedic period per Vedas

brahmastra nuclear explosionThe Hindu Texts, the Vedas, Rig Veda ,Atharva Veda  speak about the nature of electricity.

Chapter 1: Hymn VII
Verse 2: Nav Yo Navati Puro bibhed bahvotjasaa
Ahi Cha vritrahaavadheet
Translation : Electricity , which breaks, by the energy of its arms the 99 cities, destroys the cloud, which covers the rays of the sun, the source of all energy and power.
Verse 3: Sa na Indrah Shivah sakhashwavad gomadvavama
Urudhaarev dohate
Translation : That very electric power may be our peaceful friend, providing us with the horse-power to drive our machines, light to light up our houses, and power to produce grains in the fields. Let it bring on prosperity and well-being for us by flowing into numerous currents.
Verse 4: Indra Kratuvidang sutang somang harya purushtut
Piba vrishaswa taatripim
Let electricity, so highly spoken of by many learned people, help extract the essence of medicines, thus produced by those, who are well-versed in manufacturing things. Let it keep safe and shower, on us the rain, satisfying all.
Chapter 3 :Hymn XXXI
Verse 1: Taa Vajrinam Mandinam Stomyam mad indram rathe vahato haryataa haree
Purunyasmay savanaani haryata indraaya somaa harayo dadhanwire
Translation : Those two speedily moving forces of attraction and repulsion propel the electric current, powerful like the thunderbolt, pleasant and praiseworthy, in this pleasant plane or car. Manifold are the generating powers for the refulgent electricity borne by speedy moving Somas – various kinds of liquid fuels.
Verse 2: Arang Kaamaay Haryo dadhanwire sthiraay hinvanharayo Haree tura
Arvadbhiyor Haribhijorshameeyate so asya kaamam harivantamaanashe
Translation : The above mentioned speedy forces of two kinds set in motion strong currents, capable of maintaining steady progress in the attainment of one’s objective in plenty. Whatever complex is attained by these fast moving horsepowers, is enough to achieve the beautiful objective of his, the manufacturer.
Chapter 2: Hymn XV
Verse 2: Adha te vishwamanu haasadishtaya aapo nimneva savanaa havishmatah
Yatparvate na samasheeta haryata indrasya vajrah shnathita hiranyayah
Translation : Just as all productive works of the manufacturer depend upon waters flowing down with speed, so do all the desired objects of him depend upon you (Electricity), as its powerful striking force cannot be obstructed by any cloud, or mountain in the way. It smashes all impediments, with its radiant energy.
Verse 3: Asmay Bheemaaya namasaa samadhwara usho na shubhra aa bharaa paneeyase
Yasya dhaam shravase naamendriyam jyotirkaari harito naayase
Translation : O well-versed engineer make use of this terrible electric power fit to be utilized for useful purposes by controlling it, for non-violent, brilliant light like the dawn. It has the potentiality to help hearing, control energy and spread light in all quarters.

Military / Warfare usage of Electrical Energy in Atharva Veda

Chapter 2: Hymn XV
Verse 6: Twam tamindra parvatam mahaamurum vajrena vajrinparvshashchakartitha
Avaasrijo nivritaah satarvaa apah satraa vishwam dadhishe kevalam sahah
Translation : Just as the thundering electricity reduces the vast cloud to nothing by its thunderbolt, so do you, O King, equipped with piercing weapons like the thunderbolt, smash into pieces the vast armies of the enemy, consisting of various units, by your striking power like the thunderbolt. Just as the waters of the cloud released by the electricity, fall down and flow over the earth, similarly the well-equipped armies of the enemy; being subdued by the might of the king are duly regulated by him. Truly do you alone, O King, hold all the power to subdue the foes.
Verse 5: Indra Idhyorah sacha sangmishal aa vachoyuja
Indro vajri Hiranyah
Translation : Electricity is well mixed up with Prana and Apana, the 2 horsepowers, yoked to power of speech. Electric power has the striking power of a deadly weapon and is full of brilliance.
Verse 1: Pra te mahe vidathe shansisham hari pra te vanve vanusho haryatam madam
Dhritam na yo haribhishcharu sechat aa tva vishantu harivparsang girah
Translation : O electricity, I fully praise thy two forces of protection and destruction in this great universe, which is a great sacrificial place or battlefield of life. I highly cherish your beautiful exhilaration, destroying the evil forces of the enemy. You shower various forms of fortunes through your blessing powers of speedy action, like waters from the clouds. Let all praises find their abode in you of charming splendor.
Verse 3: So asya vajro harito ya aayso harinirkaamo harira gabhastyoh
Dhumni sushipro harimanyusayaka indre ni roopa harita mimikshire
Translation : Here is the blue-green colored thunderbolt of iron of the king. There is also the beautiful horse of iron of high speed. Here is also the horsepower of the rays of electricity. There is also the shining arrow, capable of destroying the pride of the enemy and having a very high speed. In short many kinds of weapons have been made through electric power for the king.
Verse 4: Divi na keturadhi dhaayi haryato vivayachadvajro harito na ranghaya
Tudadahi harishipro ya aayasah sahastrashokaa abhavadharibharah
Translation : Like a radiant spot, it is well placed in the heavens, then with a high speed, the terribly destructive missile, made of iron, possessing speed of electric power, crushing the serpent natured enemy, becomes lit up with thousands of lights and loaded with destructive ray of various kinds.
Chapter 3: Hymn:XXI
Verse 7: Yudha yudhmup ghedeshi dhrishnuya pura puram samidam hansyojasa
Namya yadindra sakhya paraavati nibrahyo namuchi naam maayinam
Translation : O mighty King, you can easily get at the striking power of the enemy by your overwhelming striking force. Being well-entrenched in your sheltered place of defense, you can thoroughly break the defenses of the enemy to smithereens. Completely crush the deceitful enemy, unfit to be left alive, through your faithful ally, although stationed at a distance.
Verse 8: Tvam karnyajmut parnayam vadhistejisthayaatithigvasya vartani
Tvam shata vaddagridasyaabhintpuronaanudah parishuta rijishvana
Translation : O mighty electricity, you kill the violent enemy, equipped with speedy means of communication like cars or airships, a hindrance in the way of people who are worthy of respect, cows or land by your consuming and splendorous power. You shatter the 100 forts of the adversary who obstructs your communications or breaks your regulations and does not pay tribute to you established by straightforward negotiations.
Verse 9: Tvametam janrajyo dwidarshaabandhuna sushrvasopajagmushah
Pashisht sahastra navati nava shruto ni chakrena rathya dushpadavrinak
Translation : O electricity, you can by your circular motion like the wheel of a chariot, which is too powerful to be checked, well keep under control all these 20 basic elements, 6099 organic and inorganic bodies, by a single transmitter of high quality, with no other force to help it.
Verse 10: Tvamaavitha sushravasam tavotibhistava traambhirindra tuvrayaanam
Tvamasmay kutsamatithigvamaayum mahe raagye yoone arndhanaayah
Translation : O electricity, you keep in safety this good listening set, by your means of safety and protect the commander, with speedy mobile forces by your strong means of defense. You control the sharp weapons, equipped with the striking power of limitless time and speed for this great, youthful king.
Chapter 4: Hymn XXXVII
Verse 4: Tvam nibhinirmano devavitao bhooreeni vritraa haryashava hansi
Tvam ni dasyum chumuri dhuni chasvaapyo dabhitaye suhantu
Translation : O electrical currents of high voltage, safely carried by electric wires, you kill many enemies in the war, waged by learned persons or through the help of natural forces. To keep all the evil forces under control, you, being well-equipped with good means of destruction completely lay down to lasting sleep (death) the evil forces that rob and harass the general public.
There are many more such references to electricity and its potential usage mentioned in Atharva Veda and this proves that ancient seers in india knew much more than what modern scientsts know.
Atharva Veda was spread by travellers towards west during past 2000 years and most of its knowledge now lies in europe
The Veds are a limitless store of true knowledge and skills. A very comprehensive, wide and huge store of the Vedic literature existed in India, but it was destroyed by foreign aggressors and thus was lost, even then, a lot of it was protected by great Rishis. It is said in the Veds: O human! Know about all those things and substances in numerous forms present in all the Loks and in the skies and water and the earth with the help of knowledge. (Rig. 5-52-7).
Westerners are given the credit for discoveries and inventions in modern times. The intellectual development of our life was completely blocked because for a very long time, we were an occupied nation by some foreign power or the other. And a subjugated people can’t have the liberty of even dreaming. Very slowly but surely, we were made to forget our glorious past and history, including the Vedic knowledge. Now that the shackles are broken, we can once again study and teach and learn our ancient Veds. Electricity is needed in life as much as all the other things, which is why The Veds contain knowledge about it, so that man can lead his life without problems.
Fire is its original form. The Sun is its ultimate form. Water produces it. (Taitiriya A. 7-3-2, Taitiriya U. 1-3-2). The electricity resides in the sun. (Taitiriya A.1-9-2) Thus, a number of sources for generation of electricity are explained. Fire, sun as well as water are considered as sources of electricity.Though the use of the sun is relatively new and to a much lesser extent, in the future, it will be possible to generate sufficient electricity from the solar power. Electricity is an atomic process. And so, as newer and newer substances are discovered which produce electricity, more and more electricity will be generated with atomic fission with the help of more and more modern machinery.
The aeronautical science by Bharadwaj Rishi included a number of machines and systems which ran on electricity. Even the television is described clearly in it. Combining spirituality and philosophy with science, let us make our coming generations capable of spreading this divine knowledge from the Veds all over the world.We consider it our prime duty to explain about electricity on the basis of the Veds.
(Rig. 1.32.13). To begin with, there is the description electricity which forms in the clouds in the form of lightning. Though it has tremendous power, it does not interfere with the solar power. However, Lord Indra can vanquish Vritra with the help of lightning.
(Rig. 1.23.12). We get electricity which emits blinding light, which we use for all kinds of tasks. Together with electricity, winds also bring us happiness.
(Rig. 1.6.5). This Mantra describes generation of electricity with the help of machines run on wind power. Electricity can be easily produced where winds are strong. (Rig. 1.64.9) This Mantra instructs about use of electricity in aeroplanes. It also describes land vehicles driven with electrical power.
(Rig. 8.64.29). Many kinds of jobs are performed with the help of electricity, using attraction, retraction, vaporization, freezing, air circulation, as well as generation of new substances. The universal cycle runs because the Almighty has kept the atoms and molecules moving. Electricity presents itself on the earth so that man can perform all kinds of useful tasks with its help.
(Rig. 1.168.8). When rains pour down on the earth from clouds, water in rivers gets agitated. Generation of electricity with the help of this agitated water brings smiles all around, meaning that the earth gets lighted up with lights run on electricity. God, you are great! What extraordinary knowledge you have provided in the Veds!.
(Rig. 3.1.14). Intelligent people combine life and soul. Similarly, electricity and fire are combined on the earth, and this knowledge is worth attaining for getting our wishes fulfilled. (Rig. 5.52.6). Wise and learned persons should attain enlightenment of knowledge about electricity etc, just as the armed forces bring lights into the life of people by protecting the nation.
(Rig. 5.54.11). This Mantra describes the equipment soldiers should carry. They must have sufficient arms, food, high quality airplanes, glinting armors to guard their bodies, helmets to protect their heads, powerful electrical rays that can destroy the enemy planes. This clearly means that there is a description of power electrical beams of waves or rays to be used by armed forces in the Veds.
�(Rig. 5.86.3). This Mantra advices kings and emperors that just as the sun uses its powerful rays to destroy clouds and causes rains on the earth which brings happiness to the people, the kings and emperors too should use the power of electricity to destroy enemies and bring happiness to their subjects.
(Rig. 5.87.10). This Mantra describes that we can clearly listen to our speech elsewhere, with the help of vibration of electrical waves.
All these Mantras describe the electrical science in the Mantras. Today, foreigners are making money very small gadgets with the help of electrical shells (cells). We are as yet behind in this race of science, but we can safely assume that we can attain our rightful place at the top in the field of science and knowledge, on the basis of our glorious past.
(Yaju. 32.2) This is a Mantra from the Yajurved. Physically, electricity generated is intended for the betterment and benefit of mankind, but it depends on man’s tendencies whether to use it constructively or destructively. The Almighty is seen in the form of electricity. It (He) creates the cycle of time. It cannot be captured in physical form anywhere. Thus, all good work can be performed only because of the might of the Almighty (electricity).

citation- vedpradip.com 
bookfacts.com