Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach – Lesson 4

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach

Lesson 4  VIDEO LINK

Glossary 4

No.	English	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	by diligence, by industriousness	udyamena	उद्यमेन
2	of course, only, thus only	hi	हि
3	are accomplished	siddhyanti	सिद्ध्यन्ति
4	tasks, missions	kAryANi	कार्याणि
5	not	na	न
6	mind	manaH	मनः
7	by chariots	rathaiH	रथैः
8*	by chariots of mind, by dreams	mano-rathaiH	मनोरथैः
9	(of) sleeping	suptasya	सुप्तस्य
10	lion’s	sinhasya	सिंहस्य
11	enter	pravishanti	प्रविशन्ति
12	into the mouth	mukhe	मुखे
13	deer (plural)	mRugAH	मृगाः

We had the word उद्यम: in Lesson 2. Here it is उद्यमेन. Earlier the meaning was “diligence, industriousness”. Here the meaning is “by indulgence, by industriousness”. So the meaning of the preposition “by” is included in the meaning of this word “उद्यमेन” here. Both the words “उद्यम:” and “उद्यमेन” are declined forms of the root word “उद्यम”. All nouns, pronouns and adjectives have declensions in different cases. Earlier in the glossaries in Lessons 1 and 2 had declensions of root word “देव” as “देव” and “देव:” in Address case and Nominative case respectively. Here we have declensions in Nominative (called as “first case”) and instrumental (called as “third case”). Cases are eight, from first to seventh and the address case. Cases second to seventh do the job of different propositions. The third case does the job of prepositions “by”and “with”.

Words (7) and (8) are also in third (instrumental) case. There also we have the preposition “by”.

Words (9) and (10) are in sixth (genitive, showing ownership) case which do the job of the preposition “of” or of the apostrophe in word (10).

Word (12) is in seventh (locative) case, which does the function of prepositions “in”, “into”, “on”, “upon”, “above”, “below”, “under”. All these prepositions show a location. So, the seventh case is the locative case.

Nouns, pronouns and adjectives decline also by number – singular, dual, plural. We had “cloud rains” (singular), “cloud thunders” (singular), “gentleman does” (singular). We had “six exist”(plural). Here we have “tasks are accomplished” (plural) “deer enter” (plural).

Verbs also have declensions, influenced by number. This is so in grammar of all languages, e.g. in English, “I am”, “We are”.

Verbs also decline due to tense. So far we have all sentences in present tense.  Verbs also decline by “person” e.g. “I am” (first person), “He is” (third person). So far we have all sentences in third person.

We shall get to know various declensions of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and also of verbs, as we proceed. I have been thoughtfully selective in taking up the verses, so that, we shall have graded progress. That also merits appreciation, right ?

And all this grammar does not, may not stop us from our learning the verses. It is being mentioned just for information. Let us get on with usual exercises of composing phrases, which help us to understand the meaning.
There is only one conjugations in this whole verse. The conjugated phrases are marked by *

(6) + (7) = (8) मनः + रथैः = मनोरथैः

But here the two words have together become one word, a compound word.

14	together (as prefix)	sam	सम्
15	to be, to sit, to put	AsaH	आसः
16	put together	samAsaH	समासः
17	compound word	samAsaH	समासः

Even a word like समासः a compound word, which is a grammatical term has a derivation. Everything in Sanskrit has a logic and a structure. There is that finesse, the refinement, hence, Sanskrit !

Well, सम् is a prefix. Every prefix has a meaning too ! सम् means together. There is another here प्र in प्रविशन्ति. It is all interesting. But it will become digressing from our composing the verse and understanding its meaning.

Exercises 4
From the words 1 to 13 in the glossary, prepare the following phrases -

No.	Phrase	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	by diligence, only, are accomplished, tasks,	__________  __________ ___________	__________  __________  _________
2	not, by dreams,	__________  ___________  ________	__________  __________  ________
3	not, of course, of sleeping, lion’s	__________  __________  _________	__________  __________  ________
4	enter, into mouth, deer	__________  __________  _________	__________  __________  ________

In the glossary, you have the word “not” only once. Actually we had this word earlier also. It is repeated here just for convenience. Word (2) has two different meanings and are judiciously put in phrases (1) and (3).

As usual, now you can write down two-two phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good two-line verse, a good saying a सुभाषितम् !!

Here is, how it would read -

udyamena hi siddhyanti kAryANi na mano-rathaiH

na hi suptasya sinhasya pravishanti mukhe mRugAH

उद्यमेन हि सिद्ध्यन्ति कार्याणि न मनोरथैः ।

न हि सुप्तस्य सिंहस्य प्रविशन्ति मुखे मृगाः ॥

In many a सुभाषितम् we shall find this style of

• a hypothesis and its proof by a commonplace example or
• an example and a moral therefrom.

Isn’t it all charming how the poets have thought of a right, appropriate example, derived a moral or a proof and put it all in a short, sweet verse !

I am sure you will like this good saying सुभाषितम् as well. Learn it by heart.

शुभमस्तु |

-o-O-o-

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach – Lesson 3

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach

Lesson 3   VIDEO LINK

Glossary 3

No.	English	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	in post-rainy season	sharadi	शरदि
2	no, not, does not	na	न
3	rains	varShati	वर्षति
4	thunders	garjati	गर्जति
5	during rainy season	varShAsu	वर्षासु
6	quiet, noiseless	niH-svanaH	नि:स्वनः
7	cloud	meghaH	मेघः
8*	noiseless cloud	niHsvano meghaH	निःस्वनो मेघः
9	mean-minded, lowly	neechaH	नीचः
10	talks, prattles	vadati	वदति
11*	(the) lowly prattles	neecho vadati	नीचो वदति
12	does	kurute	कुरुते
13	good person, gentleman	sujanaH	सुजनः
14	does	karoti	करोति
15	only	eva	एव
16*	does only	karotyeva	करोत्येव

Here we have three conjugations. The conjugated phrases are marked by *

(6) + (7) = (8) नि:स्वनः + मेघः = निःस्वनो मेघः

(9) + (10) = (11) नीचः + वदति = नीचो वदति

(14) + (15) = (16) करोति + एव = करोत्येव

In the first two conjugations two words haven’t really merged into each other. But the visarga (:) at the ending of the first word has become ओ

निःस्वन् + अः –> निःस्वन् + ओ = निःस्वनो

नीच् + अः –> नीच् + ओ = नीचो

In the third one करोति + एव = करोत् + इ + एव = करोत् + य् + एव = करोत्येव

Here vowel इ merges into vowel ए to become य् + ए. Then we have merging of त् + य् + ए becoming त्ये

There is no need to become unduly over-conscientious of this explanation of the third one. Even if you sayकरोति एव, करोति एव at some speed, you will realise that it does become करोत्येव. So, rules of conjugation are all logical and natural. Thanks to the sages like PaaNinee that naturally happening pronunciations also have been refined, structured into rules. The very name of the language “Sanskrit” means refined. It is these refinements which have made the language chaste. There is no other language in the world, which can match the chastity of Sanskrit.

Word #15 एव is not new. It was there in glossary 1. It is repeated just for the sake of convenience.

Exercises 3
From the words 1 to 16 in the glossary, prepare the following phrases -

No.	Phrase	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	cloud, in post-rainy season, not, rains, thunders	__________  __________ ___________	__________  __________  _________
2	quiet (noiseless) cloud, during rainy season, rains	__________  ___________  ________	__________  __________  ________
3	the lowly person, prattles, not, does	__________  __________  _________	__________  __________  ________
4	not, talks, gentleman, does only	__________  __________  _________	__________  __________  ________

In the glossary, you have the word “cloud” only once. You have to use it both in phrases (1) and (2). Likewise the word “not” is to be used at three places.

For the English word “does” we have in the glossary two Sanskrit words कुरुते and  करोति. They are interchangeable. Or even any one of the two can be used at both the places. But to keep the matter simple, in phrase 3, I have put “does” independently after “not”. In phrase 4, I have put it together “does only” as in the glossary. Use the glossary. So you will know which fits better where.

Now you can write down two-two phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good two-line verse, a good saying a सुभाषितम् !!

Here it is, how it reads -

sharadi na varShati garjati varShati varShAsu niHsvano meghaH

neecho vadati na kurute na vadati sujanaH karotyeva

शरदि न वर्षति गर्जति वर्षति वर्षासु निःस्वनो मेघः ।

नीचो वदति न कुरुते न वदति सुजनः करोत्येव ॥

Say it aloud. You will appreciate what musical rhythm is built in here by the poet, having composed it with quite some Onamatopoeia. Doesn’t that make it so easy to commit it to memory ? And there is of course a message, a moral, explained with an example of a very commonplace experience. To derive moral out of a commonplace experience is again refinement. Language itself is a refined language. Poetry shall of course be !

I am sure you will like this good saying सुभाषितम्. Learn it by heart.

You may think that for every lesson, I advise, “Learn it by heart”. But this is all poetry, music and easy knowledge, wisdom, eternal wisdom, saturated and condensed in such short verses. Why not learn it by heart ?

More the wisdom you have within your memory bank, wiser you will be. So learning Sanskrit is not just learning another language. It is enriching ourselves with all that wisdom you have in the literature of Sanskrit. That is my basic idea of “Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach”. How do you like that ?

Also, once you remember the verses, your vocabulary is also automatically building up. You do not have to make any separate effort to mug up words and their meanings. If the verse is understood along with its meaning, it is so many birds in one stone!

शुभमस्तु |

-o-O-o-

LEARNING SANSKRIT LESSON 2

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach

Lesson 2   video link click here

Glossary 2

No.	English	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	industriousness, diligence	udyamaH	उद्यमः
2	grit to explore	sAhasam	साहसम्
3	boldness	dhairyam	धैर्यम्
4	intellect	buddhiH	बुद्धिः
5	strength	shaktiH	शक्तिः
6	capacity to fight and win	parAkramaH	पराक्रमः
7	six	ShaT	षट्
8	these	e-te	एते
9	these six	ShaDete	षडेते
10	where	yatra	यत्र
11	are present, exist	var-tan-te	वर्तन्ते
12	there	tatra	तत्र
13	God	devaH	देव:
14	helpful	sahAyya-kRut	सहाय्यकृत्

From 7, 8 and 9 we notice that षट् + एते = षडेते  When two words are in succession of each other, it becomes natural during pronunciation, that the ending of the first word and the beginning of the next word will merge. Such merging of sounds is called as conjugation

15

conjugation

sandhiH

सन्धि:

There were three conjugations already in Lesson 1.

1.  त्वम् + एव = त्वमेव

2.  बन्धुः + च = बन्धुश्च

3.  शुभम् + अस्तु = शुभमस्तु

Conjugations are logical and natural, aren’t they ?

Word #13 is not new. It was there in glossary 1. There, it was just  देव, because it was in Address case, to say, “Oh God”. Here it is in Nominative Case. प्रथमा विभक्तिः Hence देव:

16	Address	sambodhanam	सम्बोधनम्
17	case	vibhaktiH	विभक्तिः
18	Address case	sambodhan-vibhaktiH	सम्बोधन-विभक्तिः
19	first	prathamA	प्रथमा
20	Nominative or subjective case	prathamA vibhatiH	प्रथमा विभक्तिः

Exercises 2
From the words 1 to 14 in the glossary, prepare the following phrases -

No.	Phrase	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	Industriousness, grit to explore, boldness	__________  __________ ___________	__________  __________  _________
2	intellect, strength, capacity to fight and win	__________  ___________  ________	__________  __________  ________
3	these six where exist	__________  __________  _________	__________  __________  ________
4	there God helpful	__________  __________  _________	__________  __________  ________

Now you can write down two phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good two-line verse, a good saying !!

21

a good saying

subhAShitam

सुभाषितम्

Here it is how it reads -

udyamaH sAhasam dhairyam buddhiH shaktiH parAkramaH

ShaDete yatra vartante tatra devaH sahAyya-kRut

उद्यमः साहसं धैर्यं बुद्धिः शक्तिः पराक्रमः ।

षट् एते यत्र वर्तन्ते तत्र देवः सहाय्यकृत् ॥

I am sure you will like this good saying सुभाषितम्. Learn it by heart.

In Sanskrit there are thousands of such “good sayings”. Would it not be charming and impressive, if you can quote them verbatim? And they are so crisp verses, all pearls of wisdom !! That is one very good and strong reason, why one should learn Sanskrit.

शुभमस्तु |

-o-O-o-

द्वितीयः पाठः ।

शब्दानां अभ्यासस्य पूर्वे सन्धिविच्छेदाः समासविग्रहाः च कर्तव्याः ।

आचार्यः – नमो नमः ।

विद्यार्थिनः – आचार्य, वन्दामहे ।

आचार्यः – उपविशन्तु भवन्तः ।

प्रथमे पाठे अस्माभिः परस्पराणां परिचयः ज्ञातः ।

पाठस्यान्ते मया सूचितमासीत् यत् प्रत्येकस्य शब्दस्य विस्तृतः अभ्यासः आवश्यकः ।

तथापि कस्मिन्नपि वाक्ये के के शब्दाः सन्ति, तान् सुस्पष्टतया ज्ञातुं प्रथमतः विचारणीयम्, यदि कस्मिंश्चिदपि वाक्ये शब्दानां सन्धयः सन्ति वा न वा ।

मया प्रारम्भे उक्तं “नमो नमः” इति । यद्यपि एतस्मिन् उच्चारे नमो च नमः च एवं द्वे शब्दे श्रूयेते, अपि किं एते शब्दे असमाने ? न तु एवम् ।

यः प्रथमः शब्दः “नमो” इति अस्ति, सः अपि “नमः” इत्येव शब्दः ।

“नमो नमः” इति उच्चारः “नमः नमः” एतावतयोः द्वयोः शब्दयोः सन्धिः मात्र । द्वयोः शब्दयोः मध्ये कतिपयविधाः सन्धयः भवन्ति तद् सावकाशम् पश्यामः ।

अग्रतः अस्ति अन्यः शब्दोच्चारः “कदापि” इति । एषः अपि “कदा + अपि” एवंविधः सन्धिः ।

यदा द्वे शब्दे झटितं उच्चार्येते, तदा यथाविधः सम्मिलितः उच्चारः भविष्यति, तेनैव तयोः शब्दयोः सन्धिः भवति ।

अग्रतः अस्ति अन्यः शब्दः “नवागतेन” इति । अस्मिन् शब्दे न केवलं “नव + आगतेन” एवंविधः सन्धिः । अयं शब्दः तु सामासिकः अपि अस्ति । अयं शब्दः कंचित् विस्तृतं अर्थं सूचयति, यथा “(यः) नवं आगतः, तेन” इति ।

पाठे आगतानां सर्वेषां शब्दानां अभ्यासस्य आरंभे सन्धीनां विच्छेदाः समासानां विग्रहाः च कर्तव्याः ।

अधुना अस्य पाठस्य अपि कानिचित् नवानि सुभाषितानि ।

क्षणशः कणशश्चैव विद्यामर्थं च साधयेत् ।

क्षणत्यागे कुतो विद्या कणत्यागे कुतो धनम् ॥१॥

क्षणं चित्तं क्षणं वित्तं क्षणं जीवति मानवः ।

यमस्य करुणा नास्ति धर्मस्य त्वरिता गतिः ॥२॥

अजरामरवत्प्राज्ञो विद्यामर्थं च साधयेत् ।

गृहीत इव केशेषु मृत्युना धर्ममाचरेत् ॥३॥

हंसः श्वेतः बकः श्वेतः को भेदो बकहंसयोः ।

नीरक्षीरविवेके तु हंसो हंसः बको बकः ॥४॥

पापं कर्तुं ऋणं कर्तुं मन्यन्ते मानवाः सुखम् ।

परिणामोऽतिगहनो महतामपि नाशकृत् ॥५॥

गृहपाठाः

(१) अयं सम्पूर्णः पाठः स्वीये टिप्पणिपुस्तिकायां स्वहस्तेन लिखितव्यः, मन्तव्यः च, यथा अत्रागतान् सर्वान् संवादान् भणितुं सर्वे एव समर्थाः भविष्यन्ति ।

(२) अस्मिन् द्वितीये पाठे तथा प्रथमे पाठेऽपि ये सन्धयः सामासिकाः शब्दाः च सन्ति, तेषां विच्छेदाः विग्रहाः च ज्ञातव्याः ।

(३) अत्र दत्तानि सुभाषितानि मुखोद्गतानि कर्तव्यानि । तेषां अर्थोऽपि ज्ञातव्यः ।

(४) अस्मिन् पाठे येषां शब्दानां उल्लेखः जातः, तस्मात् शब्दसंग्रहः संगठनीयः ।

पाठस्यान्ते एका सुलभा प्रार्थना -

गुरुर्ब्रम्हा गुरुर्विष्णुः गुरुर्देवो महेश्वरः ।

गुरुः साक्षात्परब्रम्ह तस्मै श्रीगुरवे नमः ॥

LEARNING SANSKRIT -LESSON 1

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach – Lesson 1

 Lesson 1-2 video link

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach

Lesson 1

Glossary 1

No.	English	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	You	tvam	त्वम्
2	only	eva	एव
3	you only	tvameva	त्वमेव
4	mother	mAtA	माता
5	and	cha	च
6	father	pitA	पिता
7	brother	bandhuH	बन्धुः
8	friend	sakhA	सखा
9	knowledge	vidyA	विद्या
10	wealth	draviNam	द्रविणं
11	all, everything	sarvam	सर्वं
12	of me	mama	मम
13	Oh God	deva	देव

Exercises 1
From the above glossary, prepare the following phrases -

No.	Phrase	Sanskrit in transliteration	Sanskrit in Devanagari
1	You only mother	__________  __________	__________  __________
2	and Father you only	__  _______  ________	__  _______  ________
3	You only brother and	__________  __________  ___	__________  __________  ___
4	friend you only	__________  __________	__________  __________
5	You only knowledge	__________  __________	__________  __________
6	Wealth you only	__________  __________	__________  __________
7	You only everything of me	__________  __________   ________	__________  __________   ________
8	Oh God ! Oh God	__________  __________	__________  __________

Now you can write down two phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good four-line verse, a good prayer !!

I am sure you will like this prayer. Learn it by heart.

Now you have learnt a prayer, of which you also know the meaning.

Say it by yourself whenever and wherever you like. Maybe you can meditate with this prayer.

If someone prays to God, calling Him mother, father, brother, friend, knowledge, wealth, everything, very earnestly, He will answer!!

You may find this prayer on the internet in Devanagari. You would find one small difference.

OK, let me give that to you here itself. In phrase 3, you will find that  बन्धुः च is written as बन्धुश्च. That difference is simple and logical.

बन्धुः + च (bandhuH + cha = bandhush-cha). Hence, बन्धुश्च

A vertical line at the end of each line (।) is really the “full stop” in Devanagari. Two vertical lines (॥) denote the end of a stanza.

Do you really need a “key” to the exercise 1 ?

Anyway, here it is -

tvameva mAtA cha pitA tvameva

tvameva bandhush-cha sakhA tvameva

tvameva vidyA draviNam tvameva

tvameva sarvam mama deva deva

त्वमेव माता च पिता त्वमेव ।

त्वमेव बन्धुश्च सखा त्वमेव ।

त्वमेव विद्या द्रविणं त्वमेव ।

त्वमेव सर्वं मम देव देव ॥

शुभमस्तु (शुभम् + अस्तु) ।

Blissful	shubham	शुभम्
be it	astu	अस्तु
Blissful be it	shubhamastu	शुभमस्तु

प्रथमः पाठः ।

परस्पराणां परिचयः ।

आचार्यः – नमो नमः ।

विद्यार्थिनः – आचार्य वन्दामहे ।

आचार्यः – उपविशन्तु भवन्तः ।

अद्य वयं संस्कृतभाषायां संभाषणं कर्तुं कस्यचित् अभ्यासस्य प्रारंभं कुर्मः ।

यदा कदापि अस्माकं नवागतेन सह मिलनं भविष्यति, तदा यथाविधः वार्तालापः भवति, तस्य अभ्यासं कुर्मः ।

प्रथमतः भवन्तः सर्वे स्वकीयं परिचयं ददन्तु ।

(एकं विद्यार्थिनं प्रति अङ्गुलिनिर्देशं कृत्वा आचार्यः पृच्छति “किं तव नाम ?”)

सर्वैः विद्यार्थिभिः क्रमेण “मम नाम “_ _ _ _ _” अस्ति” एवं परिचयः दातव्यः ।

परिचयस्य द्वितीये स्तरे “त्वं कुत्र वससि ?” एतद्विधस्य प्रश्नस्य उत्तराणि देयानि ।

अस्य प्रश्नस्य उत्तरस्य प्रमाणं एतद्विधं भविष्यति –

अहं मुम्बापुर्यां

“मालाड (पूर्व)”-उपनगरे,

“जनरल अरुणकुमार वैद्य”-मार्गे,

“शुची-हाइट्स्” सौधे

२०१ (द्विः-शून्यं-एकं अथवा एकोत्तर-द्विशतकतम)-क्रमाङ्किते गृहे

निवसामि ।

अत्र पत्र-वितरण-विभागस्य क्रमाङ्कः ४०० ०९७ चतुः-शून्यं-शून्यं शून्यं-नवं-सप्तं अस्ति ।

विद्यार्थिभिः एतावतानि उत्तराणि स्वेषु पुस्तकेषु लिखितव्यानि । तन्नंतरं पुस्तकात्पठित्वा परस्परसंवादाः कर्तव्याः ।

परिचयस्य तृतीये स्तरे “त्वं किं करोसि ?” एतद्विधस्य प्रश्नस्य उत्तराणि देयानि ।

अस्य प्रश्नस्य उत्तरं एतद्विधं भविष्यति –

अहं तंत्रज्ञः अस्मि । अथवा

अहं प्रकृतिचिकित्सकः अस्मि । अथवा

अहं _ _ _ _ कार्यालये सेवां करोमि । अथवा

अहं गृहिणी अस्मि । अथवा

अहं निवृत्तः अस्मि ।

ज्येष्ठ-श्रेष्ठ-जनानां प्रति “किं तव नाम ?” “त्वं कुत्र वससि ?” “त्वं किं करोसि ?” एतान् प्रश्नान् कर्तुं आदरार्थिनः सर्वनामस्य एव प्रयोगः कर्तव्यः ।

यथा, “किं भवतः नाम?” अथवा “किं भवत्यः नाम?”

तथा च, “कुत्र वसति भवान्?” अथवा “कुत्र वसति भवती?”

तथैव, “किं करोति भवान्?” अथवा “किं करोति भवती?”

संस्कृतभाषायाः साहित्ये एकः रमणीयः विशेषः अस्ति, “सुभाषितानि” । पश्यन्तु कानिचित् सुभाषितानि ।

शरदि न वर्षति गर्जति वर्षति वर्षासु निस्वनो मेघः ।

नीचो वदति न कुरुते, न वदति सुजनः करोत्येव ॥१॥

सुजनो न याति वैरं परहितनिरतो विनाशकालेऽपि ।

छेदेऽपि चन्दनतरुः सुरभयति मुखं कुठारस्य ॥२॥

उद्यमः साहसं धैर्यं बुद्धिः शक्तिः पराक्रमः ।

षडेते यत्र वर्तन्ते तत्र देवः सहाय्यकृत् ॥३॥

उद्यमेन हि सिद्ध्यन्ति कार्याणि न मनोरथैः ।

न हि सुप्तस्य सिंहस्य प्रविशन्ति मुखे मृगाः ॥४॥

सद्विद्या यदि का चिन्ता वराकोदरपूरणे ।

शुकोऽप्यशनमाप्नोति राम रामेति च ब्रुवन् ॥५॥

स्वाध्यायाः ।

(१) अयं सम्पूर्णः पाठः स्वीये टिप्पणिपुस्तिकायां स्वहस्तेन लिखितव्यः, मन्तव्यः च, यथा अत्रागतान् सर्वान् संवादान् भणितुं सर्वे एव समर्थाः भविष्यन्ति ।

(२) अत्र दत्तानि सुभाषितानि मुखोद्गतानि कर्तव्यानि । तेषां अर्थोऽपि ज्ञातव्यः ।

(३) अस्मिन् पाठे येषां शब्दानां उल्लेखः जातः, तस्मात् शब्दसंग्रहः संगठनीयः ।

विद्यार्थिभिः एतदपि मननीयं यत् प्रत्येकस्य शब्दस्य विस्तृतः अभ्यासः आवश्यकः । एवंविधः अभ्यासः कथं भवति तत् वयं अन्ये पाठे पठामः ।

पाठस्यान्ते एका सुलभा प्रार्थना -

त्वमेव माता च पिता त्वमेव ।

त्वमेव बन्धुश्च सखा त्वमेव ।

त्वमेव विद्या द्रविणं त्वमेव ।

त्वमेव सर्वं मम देव देव ॥

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